2024 年 9 月 8 日
前几天我在书店闲逛时,偶然翻到一本《总和帝国:袖珍计算器的崛起与统治》。翻阅书页时,一个念头猛然击中了我:我……爱……计算器。我不是指那种你今天会想购买和使用的实体设备。我指的是作为一种技术产物和某种哲学象征的计算器。请看:
计算器令人惊叹。当你用手指操作它时,它就成了你大脑的插件,在算术领域扩展你的计算能力。它让你变得更聪明。但更令人惊叹的是它实现这一切的方式。计算器是一个完全自足的实体物件,对我们技术生态系统中其他部分的“依赖足迹”几乎为零。要执行功能,它只需要光线(得益于正面那块小小的太阳能板),和/或电池——电池是一种通用商品。你只需花一笔钱就能买下这台计算器。从那一刻起,它就属于你了。只要你按下“ON”键,它就会开启,随时准备为你计算。如果你带着这个能握在掌心里的小东西穿越回过去,把它交给几千年前生活的人们,它照样能……正常工作。那感觉会完全、彻底、疯狂地像奇迹一般。
让我们把这一点放在我们日益视为常态的技术背景下来看。计算器无需联网即可设置。它不会请求蓝牙权限。它不想知道你的精确位置。你不会被提示创建账户,也无需登录。它不会每隔一周就下载更新。你不会被反复要求创建并升级到也能计算正弦和余弦的“计算器+”版本订阅。它不会笨拙地试图成为一个平台。它不需要你留存信用卡信息。它不会要求追踪你的使用情况以改进产品。它不会随机打断你,要求你评价或发送反馈。它不会收集你的信息,以便日后在可疑的数据市场上出售,或在下一轮数据泄露中泄露到暗网上。它不会自动为你订阅月度通讯。它不会在每次服务条款变更时通知你。当服务器宕机时,它不会崩溃。你在这台设备上执行的计算完全私密、安全,完全局限于设备本身,且任何运行记录都不会被保留或记录在任何地方。计算器是你大脑的一个完全独立的算术插件。它今天能用,一千年前也能用。你付钱买了它,现在它就是你的了。它没有其他主人。它只是完成它的本职工作。它很完美。
这款拥有数千条好评的二氧化碳监测仪,竟然要求我创建一个账户、下载他们的应用程序并允许获取精确位置信息,之后才肯报告我房间里的二氧化碳含量。
为什么我们的技术正越来越多地滑向复杂、依赖臃肿、对用户不友好、充满反模式的一团乱麻?一个常浮现在我脑海中的类比是:在资本主义经济中,企业可以被建模为在监管约束下求解股东价值最大化的优化问题。这些现象是否就是企业过度优化目标函数所带来的症状?当你能把产品“租”出去时,为什么要“卖”掉它?为什么要放弃最大化信息掌控、控制现在与未来、以及收集并变现所有客户数据的机会?政府是否行动迟缓、力不从心,面对这些对用户不友好的行业做法、未被定价的外部性以及垄断行为?作为消费者和开发者,我们有责任在骨子里铭记并深切感受技术本应是什么样子。它本可以像计算器那样。或许并非针对经济中所有产品和服务的那种具体、实用的意义,而是作为一种柏拉图式的理想,我们可以沿着多个维度去接近它。作为消费者,我们可以对这种趋势更加警觉和敏感,并通过侵蚀企业的底线——即股东价值项——来进行反击。而作为开发者,我们可以为优化过程贡献一个额外的项——即意识形态的正则化梯度。唯有如此,我们才有望达到全局最优。
将资本主义经济中的企业建模为求解二次规划优化问题的玩具数学模型。
Sep 8 2024
The other day I was randomly browsing in a bookstore and stumbled by Empire of the Sum: The Rise and Reign of the Pocket Calculator. As I was flipping through its pages, a realization dawned on me with some force: I... love... calculator. I don't mean as a physical device that you would wish to purchase and use today. I mean as a product of technology and a symbol of a kind of philosophy. Behold:
The calculator is incredible. When operated with your fingers, it becomes a plugin for your brain, extending its computational capability in the domain of arithmetic. It makes you smarter. But even more incredible is the means by which this happens. The calculator is a fully self-contained physical artifact that has an almost zero "dependency footprint" on the rest of our technosphere. To perform its function it only requires light (thanks to its tiny solar panel on the front), and/or batteries, which are a universal commodity. You may choose to purchase the calculator with one single exchange for money. From that point on it is yours. It turns on whenever you press "ON", ready to compute on your behalf. If you traveled back in time with this little thing that you can hold in the palm of your hand and gave it to people living thousands of years ago, it would just... work. It would feel completely, wildly, insanely miraculous.
Let's put this in perspective to the technology we increasingly accept as normal. The calculator requires no internet connection to set up. It won't ask for bluetooth permissions. It doesn't want to know your precise location. You won't be prompted to create an account and you don't need to log in. It does not download updates every other week. You're not going to be asked over and over to create and upgrade your subscription to the Calculator+ version that also calculates sine and cosine. It won't try to awkwardly become a platform. It doesn't need your credit card on file. It doesn't ask to track your usage to improve the product. It doesn't interrupt you randomly asking you to review it or send feedback. It does not harvest your information, for it be sold later on sketchy data markets, or for it to be leaked on the dark web on the next data breach. It does not automatically subscribe you to the monthly newsletter. It does not notify you every time the Terms of Service change. It won't break when the servers go down. The computation you perform on this device is perfectly private, secure, constrained fully to the device, and no running record of it is maintained or logged anywhere. The calculator is a fully self-contained arithmetic plugin for your brain. It works today and it would work a thousand years ago. You paid for it and now it is yours. It has no other master. It just does the thing. It is perfect.
This CO2 monitor with thousands of positive reviews demanded that I create an account, download their app and allow precise location information before it would report the amount of CO2 in my room.
Why is so much of our technology drifting towards complex, dependency-bloated, user-hostile, anti-pattern-ridden mess? One analogy that often comes to mind is that in a capitalist economy, companies can be modeled as solving the optimization problem of maximizing shareholder value given the constraints of regulation. Are these symptoms of companies hyperoptimizing the objective? Why sell a product when you can rent it, maximize information and control both present and future and collect and monetize any and all customer data? Are governments lagging and out-gunned, facing off with user-hostile industry practices, unpriced externalities and monopolies? It is up to us, as both consumers and developers, to remember and feel deep in our bones what technology could be. It could be like the calculator. Maybe not in a concrete, practical sense for all products and services across the economy, but as a kind of platonic ideal one can approach along various dimensions. As consumers, we can be more aware and sensitive to this drift and fight back by eating into the bottom line - the shareholder value term. And as developers, we can contribute an extra term to the optimization - the regularizing gradient of ideology. Only in this way shall we hope to reach the global optimum.
Toy mathematical model of a company in capitalist economy as solving a Quadratic Programming optimization problem.