Meta continues to lead the industry in utilizing groundbreaking AI Recommendation Systems (RecSys) to deliver better experiences for people, and better results for advertisers. To reach the next frontier of performance, we are scaling Meta’s Ads Recommender runtime models to LLM-scale & complexity to further a deeper understanding of people’s interests and intent.

This increase in scale & complexity exacerbates a fundamental “inference trilemma”: the challenge of balancing the increased model complexity and associated need for compute and memory with the low latency and cost efficiency required for a global service serving billions of people. To overcome this, we have developed the Meta Adaptive Ranking Model, which effectively bends the inference scaling curve with high ROI and industry-leading efficiency.

Adaptive Ranking Model replaces a “one-size-fits-all” inference approach with intelligent request routing. By dynamically aligning model complexity with a rich understanding of a person’s context and intent, the system ensures every request is served by the most effective & efficient model. This allows Meta Ads to maintain the strict, sub-second latency the platform depends on while providing a high-quality experience for every person.

 Serving LLM-scale models at Meta’s scale required a fundamental rethink of the inference stack, driven by three key innovations:

• Inference-Efficient Model Scaling: By shifting to a request-centric architecture, Adaptive Ranking Model serves a LLM-scale & complexity model at sub-second latency, enabling a more sophisticated understanding of a person’s interests and intent without compromising the experience.
• Model/System Co-Design: By developing hardware-aware model architectures that align model design with underlying hardware system and silicon’s capabilities and limitations, Adaptive Ranking Model significantly improves hardware utilization in heterogeneous hardware environments.
• Reimagined Serving Infrastructure: Leveraging multi-card architectures and hardware-specific optimizations, Adaptive Ranking Model enables O(1T) parameter scaling, allowing us to serve the LLM-scale runtime RecSys models with unprecedented efficiency.

By further integrating LLM-scale intelligence into our ads stack, Adaptive Ranking Model delivers a significant increase in ad conversions and advertiser value while maintaining system-wide computational efficiency. This ensures superior performance for businesses of all sizes. Since launching on Instagram in Q4 2025, Adaptive Ranking Model has delivered a +3% increase in ad conversions and +5% increase in ad click through rate for targeted users.

Introducing Meta Adaptive Ranking Model

Serving LLM-scale & complexity models in a real-time ads recommendation environment requires resolving a fundamental tension between model complexity and system efficiency. Unlike LLM applications such as chatbots, where response times are measured in seconds, an ad recommendation must achieve two uncompromising constraints:

1. Latency impacts user experience: Ads must be chosen and returned with sub-second latency. Scaling ads computation to LLM-scale level and beyond has traditionally been impossible without latency regressions that compromise user experience.
2. Cost efficiency is crucial: Brute force scaling by simply adding hardware is economically unsustainable. Achieving a positive ROI requires unlocking higher model complexity without a corresponding increase in total costs.

Adaptive Ranking Model addresses these challenges through a paradigm shift powered by three core innovations across the serving stack:

• Inference-efficient model scaling: Adaptive Ranking Model achieves a model complexity equivalent to the O(10 GFLOPs) per token used by top-tier LLMs. However, it operates an order of magnitude faster than standard LLM inference, maintaining O(100 ms) bounded latency.
• Deep model-system co-design: Adaptive Ranking Model is deeply co-designed with the underlying hardware and silicon; we’ve boosted model FLOPs utilization (MFU) to 35% across multiple hardware types. 
• Reimagined serving infrastructure: Adaptive Ranking Model utilizes a multi-card GPU serving infrastructure to break the physical memory limits of single devices. This allows us to scale model parameters to O(1T), providing a depth of understanding of people’s interests and intent  previously impossible at Meta’s scale.

By unifying these innovations, we ensure that the most effective model is used for every request — providing a highly personalized ad experience for people on our platforms and maximizing advertiser value while maintaining system-wide computational efficiency.

Inference-Efficient Model Scaling

Adaptive Ranking Model introduces model-system innovations that fundamentally redefine inference efficiency. This transformation is built on three technical pillars:

• Transforming scaling costs from linear to sub-linear by shifting to a request-oriented computation flow that eliminates massive redundancy at LLM-scale.
• Maximizing structural throughput through architectural refinements that stabilize deep models and minimize internal network bottlenecks.
• Neutralizing complexity overhead through holistic latency optimization, offloading feature preprocessing to GPUs and streamlining the end-to-end execution path.

Transforming scaling costs from linear to sub-linear

Traditional models process each user-ad pair independently, creating massive computational redundancy. Adaptive Ranking Model eliminates this through Request-Oriented Optimization, which computes high-density user signals once per request rather than once per ad candidate. This shift, powered by Request-Oriented Computation Sharing and In-Kernel Broadcast optimization, which shares request-level embeddings across ad candidates directly within the GPU kernel, transforms scaling costs from linear to sub-linear while significantly reducing memory bandwidth pressure.

Building on this, Request-Oriented Sequence Scaling unlocks the use of long-form user behavior sequences that were previously limited by compute and storage costs. To minimize compute overhead, Adaptive Ranking Model processes heavy sequences once per request and shares the results across all ad candidates. To optimize storage, it replaces redundant data replication with a centralized, high-efficiency key-value store of user logs that are joined with training data on the fly. These optimizations jointly minimize the serving and storage footprints required for global-scale systems.

Maximizing Structural Throughput with Wukong Turbo

While Request-Oriented Optimization optimizes the computation flow, Wukong Turbo is the optimized runtime evolution of the Meta Ads internal architecture. Building on the Wukong architecture that uses stackable factorization machines, sequence learning and cross-layer attention, Wukong Turbo introduces specific refinements to handle the numeric instability and network overhead that typically arise when scaling deep models.  Specifically, it employs a No-Bias approach to remove unstable terms, boosting throughput without increasing FLOPs or parameter counts. To prevent internal bottlenecks, it utilizes small parameter delegation to reduce network and memory overhead by offloading parameters from Fully Sharded Data Parallel (FSDP) to Distributed Data Parallel (DDP) alongside sparsity-based simplification that reduces redundant components in the linear layers. These enhancements transform the base architecture into a stable, high-performing system, allowing model complexity to scale while strictly protecting the sub-second inference budget.

Neutralizing Complexity Overhead through Holistic Latency Optimization

The final stage of this transformation addresses feature preprocessing—a traditional bottleneck leading to client memory pressure and data starvation where the GPU’s compute power remains underutilized while waiting for processed features.  Adaptive Ranking Model offloads preprocessing from the client CPU to remote GPU hosts, utilizing compact tuple-based formats and GPU-native kernels that reduce Top-K complexity from O(N log N) to O(N). To further speed up processing, we implemented a holistic strategy of optimized data compression and client-flow restructuring to eliminate thread-pool contention. These multi-layered optimizations successfully neutralized the latency penalty of LLM-scale & complexity, allowing Adaptive Ranking Model to deliver frontier-level personalization at the speed Meta’s global platforms require.

Maximizing Efficiency Through Deep Model-System Codesign

Meta Ads relies on deep system co-optimization to enable the LLM-scale model complexity within Meta-scale performance constraints. By fundamentally rethinking the boundary between the model and the hardware, we have created a unified inference stack that optimizes computational precision and graph execution to maximize computational ROI by boosting Model FLOPs Utilization (MFU) on heterogeneous hardware.

High-Throughput Inference with Selective FP8 Quantization

Large-scale models necessitate reduced precision to maintain high-throughput inference, yet a blanket application of low-precision quantization often degrades the nuance required for complex ads ranking. Adaptive Ranking Model overcomes this through a post-training quantization strategy that applies FP8 selectively. Using a micro-benchmark guided selection mechanism, the system deploys FP8 only in layers with high precision-loss tolerance. This targeted approach unlocks the throughput benefits of modern heterogeneous hardware for our most complex models with negligible impact on recommendation quality.

Hardware-Aware Graph and Kernel Specialization

To minimize the latency caused by redundant memory access and inefficient kernel launches, Adaptive Ranking Model optimizes the execution flow through coordinated graph and kernel specialization. We fuse operators that share inputs to minimize data movement between high-bandwidth memory and on-chip SRAM. Additionally, thousands of small operations are consolidated into compute-dense kernels using techniques like Grouped General Matrix Multiply and horizontal fusion. This precise alignment between the computation graph and modern GPU architectures significantly reduces the memory footprint and increases effective hardware utilization, ensuring that LLM-scale model complexity translates directly into performance.

Reimagined Serving Infrastructure for the Reality of LLM-Scale Production 

Beyond model-system co-optimization, deploying LLM-scale models at scale requires reimagining the underlying serving infrastructure. To neutralize the latency penalty of massive scale, the Adaptive Ranking Model utilizes a specialized stack designed to surpass physical memory limits and ensure Meta-scale production reliability.

Trillion Parameter Scale

Unlike standard LLMs, recommendation models are driven by predominantly sparse, categorical features. Mapping these IDs to high-dimensional embedding tables creates a critical trade-off where oversized tables lead to overfitting, while undersized tables suffer from hash collisions that degrade model quality. Adaptive Ranking Model enables O(1T) parameter scale through memory optimizations that resolve this tension. The system efficiently allocates embedding hash sizes based on feature sparsity and prunes unused embeddings to maximize learning capacity within strict memory budgets. This is further optimized by unified embeddings, which allow multiple features to share a single embedding table to significantly reduce the memory footprint without sacrificing the ability to learn complex feature interactions.

Multi-GPU-Card Embedding Scaling 

As LLM-scale model embeddings approached the terabyte level, they exceeded the memory capacity of any single GPU. To mitigate this, a multi-card sharding mechanism splits embedding tables into segments distributed across an optimized hardware cluster. By leveraging hardware-specific communication optimizations, the system maintains high throughput and efficient communication between shards. This multi-card architecture achieves performance parity with single-card setups, effectively decoupling model complexity from individual GPU hardware constraints.

Runtime Resilience and Reliability

Serving trillion-parameter models under high-traffic conditions presents significant reliability challenges, particularly regarding initialization speed and system stability. To ensure production-grade reliability, we developed accelerated model loading that utilizes multi-stream downloading and remote caching to load models in under 10 minutes, minimizing downtime during deployments. Auto-scaling rules based on streaming multiprocessor utilization allows the system to handle fluctuating traffic dynamically. This ensures real-time demand is met without the need for wasteful over-provisioning, maintaining stability across the platform.

The Path Forward: Evolving the Adaptive Ranking Model Stack

The launch of Adaptive Ranking Model on Instagram marks the first milestone in our journey to bend the inference performance vs cost scaling curve at Meta scale. The roadmap shifts from individual optimizations toward an infrastructure that is increasingly autonomous and responsive to real-time fluctuations in user signal density and request patterns across our global ecosystem.

This vision began with evolving inference efficient scaling to unlock deeper complexity and longer behavioral sequences that capture user intent with unprecedented fidelity. To sustain this growth, we are pioneering a new era of inference execution efficiency, leveraging advanced model compression and ultra-low precision quantization methods to allow the most sophisticated LLM-scale models to run efficiently across a diverse global hardware fleet.

To eliminate the traditional bottlenecks of manual engineering, we are exploring agentic optimization frameworks to further accelerate kernel performance optimizations. These frameworks will automatically adapt to new hardware and model architectures, ensuring that the most sophisticated AI remains accessible and performant at scale. 

Furthermore, we’re reimaging the speed of learning through near-instantaneous model freshness, utilizing incremental, in-place weight updates to achieve constant, real-time adaptation. Collectively, these innovations will ensure that the Adaptive Ranking Model continues to power more personal experiences for people while driving superior ROAS for advertisers globally.

Acknowledgements

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