ChatGPT 的两岁生日才刚过去一个多月,如今我们已经迈入了能够进行复杂推理的新一代模型。新年总会让人陷入沉思,我想分享一些个人感想,谈谈迄今为止的历程,以及一路走来我学到的一些东西。
随着我们越来越接近 AGI,审视我们公司的进展似乎正逢其时。仍有太多东西需要理解,仍有太多未知,而且一切都还处于早期。但比起起步之时,我们知道的已经多得多。
我们大约九年前创立了 OpenAI,因为我们相信 AGI 是可能的,并且它可能成为人类历史上最具影响力的技术。我们想弄清楚如何构建它,并让它广泛造福人类;我们渴望在历史上留下自己的印记。我们的抱负极其远大,同时我们也坚信,这项工作可能会以同样非凡的方式造福社会。
当时,几乎没人在意,即便有人在意,也大多认为我们毫无成功的机会。
2022 年,OpenAI 还是一家安静的研究实验室,正在开发一个临时命名为“Chat With GPT-3.5”的项目。(我们在研究方面比在命名方面强得多。)我们一直在观察人们使用我们 API 的 Playground 功能,并意识到开发者们非常享受与模型对话。我们觉得,围绕这种体验构建一个演示,可以向人们展示未来的某些重要图景,并帮助我们让模型变得更好、更安全。
我们最终仁慈地将其命名为 ChatGPT,并于 2022 年 11 月 30 日发布。
我们一直抽象地知道,在某个时刻,我们会达到一个临界点,AI 革命将会启动。但我们不知道那个时刻会是什么。令我们惊讶的是,它竟然就是此刻。
ChatGPT 的发布开启了一条我们从未见过的增长曲线——在我们公司、我们的行业,乃至整个世界。我们终于看到了我们一直期望的 AI 带来的巨大好处,并且可以看到未来还会有更多。
这并不容易。道路并非一帆风顺,正确的选择也并非显而易见。
在过去两年里,我们几乎是从零开始,围绕这项新技术建立起了一整家公司。除了亲身实践,没有任何办法能让人为此做好准备;而当技术类别完全是全新的时候,根本没有人能确切告诉你该怎么做。
以如此高的速度、在如此缺乏经验的情况下建立一家公司,过程必然混乱。常常是前进两步、后退一步(有时甚至是一步前进、两步后退)。错误会在过程中不断被纠正,但当你从事的是开创性工作时,确实没有任何手册或路标可循。在未知水域高速前行是一段不可思议的经历,但对所有参与者来说也压力巨大。冲突和误解比比皆是。
这些年是我迄今为止人生中最有收获、最有趣、最美好、最精彩、最令人精疲力竭、压力最大,而且——尤其是最近两年——最不愉快的时光。但最强烈的感受是感恩;我知道总有一天我会退休,在农场上看着植物生长,感到些许无聊,然后回想起自己能够从事从小梦想的工作,是多么酷的一件事。我努力在每个周五下午一点前就有七件事出了大岔子的时候,记住这一点。
大约一年多前,有一个特别的周五,那天最主要的问题是我在一次视频通话中突然被解雇,然后我们刚挂断电话,董事会就发布了一篇相关的博客文章。我当时在拉斯维加斯的一家酒店房间里。那种感觉,几乎无法用语言形容,就像一场出了问题的噩梦。
在毫无预警的情况下被公开解雇,引发了一段极其疯狂的几个小时,以及相当疯狂的几天。“战争迷雾”是最奇怪的部分。我们所有人都无法就发生了什么、或者为什么发生,得到令人满意的答案。
在我看来,整个事件是善意的人们——包括我自己——在治理上的一次重大失败。回顾过去,我当然希望自己当时能做得不一样,而且我愿意相信,现在的我比一年前是一个更好、更深思熟虑的领导者。
我还认识到,一个拥有多元观点和丰富经验的董事会对于应对复杂挑战至关重要。良好的治理需要高度的信任与公信力。我很感激那么多人共同努力,为 OpenAI 构建了一套更强大的治理体系,使我们能够继续追求确保 AGI 造福全人类的使命。
我最大的收获是,我有多么感恩,又有多少人值得我感谢:感谢每一位在 OpenAI 工作、选择投入时间和精力追逐这个梦想的人;感谢那些帮助我们度过危机时刻的朋友们;感谢支持我们、信任我们并让我们助力他们成功的合作伙伴和客户;也感谢我生命中那些向我展示他们有多么关心我的人。[1]
我们以更加团结和积极的方式重新投入工作,我为我们此后展现出的专注感到非常自豪。我们完成了一些堪称有史以来最出色的研究。我们的周活跃用户从约 1 亿增长到超过 3 亿。最重要的是,我们持续向世界推出人们真正喜爱、并能解决实际问题的技术。
九年前,我们真的不知道自己最终会变成什么样;即便是现在,我们也只是略知一二。AI 的发展经历了诸多曲折,我们预计未来还会有更多。
有些曲折令人欣喜,有些则充满艰辛。看着一系列研究奇迹接连发生是件很有趣的事,许多曾经的质疑者也变成了坚定的信徒。我们也看到一些同事分道扬镳,成为了竞争对手。团队在扩张过程中往往会经历人员更替,而 OpenAI 的扩张速度极快。我认为其中一些是不可避免的——初创公司在每一次新的重大规模扩张阶段通常都会经历大量人员流动,而在 OpenAI,数字每隔几个月就会成数量级地增长。过去两年就像一家普通公司的十年。当任何一家公司如此快速地成长和演变时,利益自然会分化。而当任何一家重要行业的公司处于领先地位时,许多人会出于各种原因攻击它,尤其是当他们试图与之竞争时。
我们的愿景不会改变;但我们的策略会持续演进。例如,在创业之初,我们完全没想到需要建立一家产品公司;我们原本以为只需专注于卓越的研究。我们也没预料到会需要如此庞大的资金。如今,我们必须着手构建一些几年前尚未理解的新事物,而未来还会出现我们现在几乎无法想象的新事物。
我们为迄今为止在研究和部署方面取得的成就感到自豪,并致力于持续推进我们在安全与利益共享方面的思考。我们始终相信,让AI系统变得安全的最佳方式,是将其迭代式地、逐步地释放到世界中,让社会有时间适应并与技术共同演进,从经验中学习,并持续提升技术的安全性。我们坚信,在安全与对齐研究领域保持世界领先地位至关重要,并且要用来自真实世界应用的反馈来指导这些研究。
我们现在确信,已经知道如何构建传统意义上理解的AGI。我们相信,在2025年,我们可能会看到首批AI智能体“加入劳动力队伍”,并实质性地改变公司的产出。我们依然相信,将优秀的工具迭代式地交到人们手中,会带来广泛而普惠的成果。
我们开始将目光投向更远的目标,即真正意义上的超级智能。我们热爱现有的产品,但我们是为了辉煌的未来而来。有了超级智能,我们就能实现其他一切。超级智能工具能够极大地加速科学发现和创新,远超我们自身的能力,进而极大地提升富足与繁荣。
这听起来像是科幻小说,甚至谈论它都有些疯狂。这没关系——我们以前就经历过这种状态,并且不介意再次经历。我们相当确信,在未来几年内,每个人都会看到我们所看到的,并且认识到,在谨慎行事的同时,最大化地实现广泛利益和赋能,是多么重要。鉴于我们工作的可能性,OpenAI不能是一家普通的公司。
能够在这项工作中扮演一个角色,是多么幸运又令人谦卑的事。
(感谢 Josh Tyrangiel 在某种程度上促成了这篇文字。真希望我们当时能有更多时间。)
[1]
在那几天里,有很多人为帮助 OpenAI 和我个人付出了巨大且惊人的努力,但有两个人尤为突出。
Ron Conway 和 Brian Chesky 所做的远远超出了职责范围,我甚至不知道该如何形容。多年来我当然听过许多关于 Ron 的能力和坚韧的故事,过去几年我也花了很多时间与 Brian 相处,从他那里得到了大量的帮助和建议。
但没有什么比与人们一起身处战壕更能看清他们真正的能力了。我相当确信,如果没有他们的帮助,OpenAI 可能已经分崩离析;他们夜以继日地工作,直到事情尘埃落定。
尽管他们工作得难以置信地辛苦,但他们始终保持着冷静,并自始至终提供清晰的战略思考和出色的建议。他们阻止我犯下好几个错误,而他们自己一个错误都没有犯。他们利用自己庞大的关系网去处理一切所需,并成功应对了许多复杂的局面。而且我确信,他们还做了许多我不知道的事情。
然而,我最难忘的,还是他们的关怀、同情和支持。
我曾以为自己知道支持一位创始人和一家公司是什么样子,在某种程度上也确实知道。但我从未见过,甚至从未听说过像他们所做的那样的事情,现在我更充分地理解了为什么他们拥有如此传奇的地位。他们与众不同,完全配得上各自独一无二的声誉,但他们在移山倒海般的非凡助人能力上,以及在危难时刻坚定不移的承诺上,又是相似的。科技行业因为有他们两人而变得好得多。
还有其他人像他们一样;这是我们行业一件非常特别的事情,它对整个行业顺利运转所起的作用,远比人们意识到的要大。我期待着将这份善意传递下去。
从更个人的角度来说,特别感谢 Ollie 在那个周末以及一直以来给予我的支持;他在各个方面都无可挑剔,没有人能要求一个更好的伴侣了。
The second birthday of ChatGPT was only a little over a month ago, and now we have transitioned into the next paradigm of models that can do complex reasoning. New years get people in a reflective mood, and I wanted to share some personal thoughts about how it has gone so far, and some of the things I’ve learned along the way.
As we get closer to AGI, it feels like an important time to look at the progress of our company. There is still so much to understand, still so much we don’t know, and it’s still so early. But we know a lot more than we did when we started.
We started OpenAI almost nine years ago because we believed that AGI was possible, and that it could be the most impactful technology in human history. We wanted to figure out how to build it and make it broadly beneficial; we were excited to try to make our mark on history. Our ambitions were extraordinarily high and so was our belief that the work might benefit society in an equally extraordinary way.
At the time, very few people cared, and if they did, it was mostly because they thought we had no chance of success.
In 2022, OpenAI was a quiet research lab working on something temporarily called “Chat With GPT-3.5”. (We are much better at research than we are at naming things.) We had been watching people use the playground feature of our API and knew that developers were really enjoying talking to the model. We thought building a demo around that experience would show people something important about the future and help us make our models better and safer.
We ended up mercifully calling it ChatGPT instead, and launched it on November 30th of 2022.
We always knew, abstractly, that at some point we would hit a tipping point and the AI revolution would get kicked off. But we didn’t know what the moment would be. To our surprise, it turned out to be this.
The launch of ChatGPT kicked off a growth curve like nothing we have ever seen—in our company, our industry, and the world broadly. We are finally seeing some of the massive upside we have always hoped for from AI, and we can see how much more will come soon.
It hasn’t been easy. The road hasn’t been smooth and the right choices haven’t been obvious.
In the last two years, we had to build an entire company, almost from scratch, around this new technology. There is no way to train people for this except by doing it, and when the technology category is completely new, there is no one at all who can tell you exactly how it should be done.
Building up a company at such high velocity with so little training is a messy process. It’s often two steps forward, one step back (and sometimes, one step forward and two steps back). Mistakes get corrected as you go along, but there aren’t really any handbooks or guideposts when you’re doing original work. Moving at speed in uncharted waters is an incredible experience, but it is also immensely stressful for all the players. Conflicts and misunderstanding abound.
These years have been the most rewarding, fun, best, interesting, exhausting, stressful, and—particularly for the last two—unpleasant years of my life so far. The overwhelming feeling is gratitude; I know that someday I’ll be retired at our ranch watching the plants grow, a little bored, and will think back at how cool it was that I got to do the work I dreamed of since I was a little kid. I try to remember that on any given Friday, when seven things go badly wrong by 1 pm.
A little over a year ago, on one particular Friday, the main thing that had gone wrong that day was that I got fired by surprise on a video call, and then right after we hung up the board published a blog post about it. I was in a hotel room in Las Vegas. It felt, to a degree that is almost impossible to explain, like a dream gone wrong.
Getting fired in public with no warning kicked off a really crazy few hours, and a pretty crazy few days. The “fog of war” was the strangest part. None of us were able to get satisfactory answers about what had happened, or why.
The whole event was, in my opinion, a big failure of governance by well-meaning people, myself included. Looking back, I certainly wish I had done things differently, and I’d like to believe I’m a better, more thoughtful leader today than I was a year ago.
I also learned the importance of a board with diverse viewpoints and broad experience in managing a complex set of challenges. Good governance requires a lot of trust and credibility. I appreciate the way so many people worked together to build a stronger system of governance for OpenAI that enables us to pursue our mission of ensuring that AGI benefits all of humanity.
My biggest takeaway is how much I have to be thankful for and how many people I owe gratitude towards: to everyone who works at OpenAI and has chosen to spend their time and effort going after this dream, to friends who helped us get through the crisis moments, to our partners and customers who supported us and entrusted us to enable their success, and to the people in my life who showed me how much they cared. [1]
We all got back to the work in a more cohesive and positive way and I’m very proud of our focus since then. We have done what is easily some of our best research ever. We grew from about 100 million weekly active users to more than 300 million. Most of all, we have continued to put technology out into the world that people genuinely seem to love and that solves real problems.
Nine years ago, we really had no idea what we were eventually going to become; even now, we only sort of know. AI development has taken many twists and turns and we expect more in the future.
Some of the twists have been joyful; some have been hard. It’s been fun watching a steady stream of research miracles occur, and a lot of naysayers have become true believers. We’ve also seen some colleagues split off and become competitors. Teams tend to turn over as they scale, and OpenAI scales really fast. I think some of this is unavoidable—startups usually see a lot of turnover at each new major level of scale, and at OpenAI numbers go up by orders of magnitude every few months. The last two years have been like a decade at a normal company. When any company grows and evolves so fast, interests naturally diverge. And when any company in an important industry is in the lead, lots of people attack it for all sorts of reasons, especially when they are trying to compete with it.
Our vision won’t change; our tactics will continue to evolve. For example, when we started we had no idea we would have to build a product company; we thought we were just going to do great research. We also had no idea we would need such a crazy amount of capital. There are new things we have to go build now that we didn’t understand a few years ago, and there will be new things in the future we can barely imagine now.
We are proud of our track-record on research and deployment so far, and are committed to continuing to advance our thinking on safety and benefits sharing. We continue to believe that the best way to make an AI system safe is by iteratively and gradually releasing it into the world, giving society time to adapt and co-evolve with the technology, learning from experience, and continuing to make the technology safer. We believe in the importance of being world leaders on safety and alignment research, and in guiding that research with feedback from real world applications.
We are now confident we know how to build AGI as we have traditionally understood it. We believe that, in 2025, we may see the first AI agents “join the workforce” and materially change the output of companies. We continue to believe that iteratively putting great tools in the hands of people leads to great, broadly-distributed outcomes.
We are beginning to turn our aim beyond that, to superintelligence in the true sense of the word. We love our current products, but we are here for the glorious future. With superintelligence, we can do anything else. Superintelligent tools could massively accelerate scientific discovery and innovation well beyond what we are capable of doing on our own, and in turn massively increase abundance and prosperity.
This sounds like science fiction right now, and somewhat crazy to even talk about it. That’s alright—we’ve been there before and we’re OK with being there again. We’re pretty confident that in the next few years, everyone will see what we see, and that the need to act with great care, while still maximizing broad benefit and empowerment, is so important. Given the possibilities of our work, OpenAI cannot be a normal company.
How lucky and humbling it is to be able to play a role in this work.
(Thanks to Josh Tyrangiel for sort of prompting this. I wish we had had a lot more time.)
[1]
There were a lot of people who did incredible and gigantic amounts of work to help OpenAI, and me personally, during those few days, but two people stood out from all others.
Ron Conway and Brian Chesky went so far above and beyond the call of duty that I’m not even sure how to describe it. I’ve of course heard stories about Ron’s ability and tenaciousness for years and I’ve spent a lot of time with Brian over the past couple of years getting a huge amount of help and advice.
But there’s nothing quite like being in the foxhole with people to see what they can really do. I am reasonably confident OpenAI would have fallen apart without their help; they worked around the clock for days until things were done.
Although they worked unbelievably hard, they stayed calm and had clear strategic thought and great advice throughout. They stopped me from making several mistakes and made none themselves. They used their vast networks for everything needed and were able to navigate many complex situations. And I’m sure they did a lot of things I don’t know about.
What I will remember most, though, is their care, compassion, and support.
I thought I knew what it looked like to support a founder and a company, and in some small sense I did. But I have never before seen, or even heard of, anything like what these guys did, and now I get more fully why they have the legendary status they do. They are different and both fully deserve their genuinely unique reputations, but they are similar in their remarkable ability to move mountains and help, and in their unwavering commitment in times of need. The tech industry is far better off for having both of them in it.
There are others like them; it is an amazingly special thing about our industry and does much more to make it all work than people realize. I look forward to paying it forward.
On a more personal note, thanks especially to Ollie for his support that weekend and always; he is incredible in every way and no one could ask for a better partner.