美国自动驾驶车辆制造商 Forterra 今日透露,过去九个月间,已有超过 100 辆其制造的自动驾驶全地形车被部署在乌克兰冲突区域。该公司认为,这是美国国防科技公司在实战中部署自主地面车辆规模最大的一次。
“我相信,对于任何一项曾被创造出来的国防技术而言,在经历实战考验之前,你都无法真正了解它的表现。”Forterra 首席增长官、前美国海军陆战队军官 Scott Sanders 对 TechCrunch 表示。
这项任务由美国国防资金资助,是美国通过支持乌克兰抵抗俄罗斯入侵者来推动自身军事转型的持续努力的一部分。虽然空中无人机在战斗中吸引了大量关注,但它们所创造的战场动态——即存在大量禁入区域,在这些区域中,任何侦察行为都可能导致来自上方的致命打击——已促使乌克兰战略家们同样寻求地面自主能力。
“无处可藏,”负责为美国陆军开发自主车辆及战术项目的军士长 Corey Wilkens 解释道,“你变得非常、非常容易受到(第一人称视角无人机)、其他类型投弹无人机、火炮、迫击炮以及他们拥有的各种武器的攻击。”
据一位曾操作过这些车辆、出于安全原因 TechCrunch 不愿透露身份的乌克兰陆军士兵称,乌克兰已在自行建造无人地面车辆,用于运送补给和弹药,或撤离受伤士兵,但这些车辆通常采用电池供电,最大载重仅为 250 公斤。
Forterra 的 Lancer 车辆基于 Polaris 全地形车打造,并配备了定制传感器和计算堆栈。该车采用汽油动力,可承载 750 公斤货物,因此用途更广、实用性更强。“归根结底,这款用于后勤和维持防御的无人地面车辆是乌克兰最重要的无人地面车辆,”该士兵说,“它简直太棒了,我们迫切希望能得到更多。”
起初他们并不这么认为。乌克兰武装部队对于西方承包商将新技术带入战场有着喜忧参半的经历,而最初,Forterra 的产品感觉有点过于针对美国陆军的高端需求。根据实际情况对车辆进行改装——特别是加装星链卫星互联网天线——使其价值大增。
自去年十月抵达乌克兰以来,这些车辆已执行超过 1100 次任务,行驶里程超过 2500 英里,运送总重量达 777440 磅,并完成了 52 次伤员后送。部分车辆已在战斗中损失,尤其是在陷入深泥或其他地形,俄军可以轻松瞄准它们的时候。
一辆在乌克兰战场上走到尽头的 Forterra Lancer。**图片来源:**Forterra / Forterra
Forterra 学到了一些有用的经验——关于电子战、远程更新软件、如何在恶劣条件下机动,以及确保车辆不发生故障。这家公司已从 XYZ Venture Capital 和 Moore Strategic Partners 等基金筹集了超过 5 亿美元的风险投资,如今在竞争利润丰厚的国家安全合同方面占据了更有利的位置。
他们也看到了自主性的局限:目前,乌克兰士兵主要是在战区远程操控这些车辆,部分原因是它们太过宝贵而无法承受损失,部分原因则是自动驾驶车辆尚未完全准备好应对战争的现实。
例如,虽然这些车辆能够自主穿越各种地形,但它们还远未达到能够识别意外敌军并做出适当反应的程度。“我们实际上需要能够在敌人面前实时应对敌方威胁,而自主系统目前还不知道该怎么做,”一名乌克兰士兵解释道。
二十年前就开始研发自动驾驶汽车的 Forterra,目前正致力于将曾赋予我们自动驾驶汽车的算法,与更新型的生成式 AI 软件相结合,使机器能够以泛化的方式对周围环境做出反应。与其他自主系统一样,其关键障碍之一在于收集正确的数据。
“有很多事情是你必须做,但在开源模型中无法实现的,因为那些并非人类会做的事,无论是规划如何穿越雷区,还是操作武器系统,”Sanders 告诉 TechCrunch。“你需要能够调节旋钮,在某些方面采用更经典的机器人学方法,然后在需要的地方利用 AI。”
该领域的竞争对手也在解决类似的挑战,例如 Scout AI,该公司今年早些时候筹集了 1 亿美元,用于训练基础模型并为军方开发一套自主平台,其中包括无人地面车辆。其他初创公司,如 Field AI 和 Overland AI,正在与美国军方一起试用无人地面车辆。
即使无人地面车辆存在局限性,美国军事专家仍确信现在是投资这些工具的时候了。“地面自主技术现在已经可以实现,而且我们已经看到了,”Wilkens 说道。
Forterra 的首席创新官 Scott Philips 访问了一个乌克兰部队的作战中心,亲眼目睹了这些车辆的实际运用,他因进入俄罗斯攻击范围内的区域而赢得了该部队的尊重。
“最让我震撼的是,我清楚地看到了那些衔接缝隙在哪里:哪些步骤仍然是手动的,哪些数据必须手动重新输入或重新验证,以及该团队已经找到了哪些方法来自动化或加速流程,”Philips 告诉 TechCrunch。“这种实地真相是你无法从幻灯片中获得的,因为它能精确地告诉你,更好的工具可以在哪些方面减轻那些实时从事这项工作的人员的压力。”
乌克兰人提出的一项挑战是:让它更便宜。Forterra 的 Lancer 在其类别中并不算昂贵,这得益于车辆本身依赖 Polaris 的商业供应链,但它们仍然过于昂贵,无法像无人机那样被自由部署。
“消耗战本就是这片战场的现实,我们目前已经损失了一些,这很痛心,我们需要更多,因此就需要更便宜的装备,”这名乌克兰士兵对TechCrunch表示。
Forterra, a US builder of autonomous vehicles, revealed today that more than 100 of its self-driving ATVs have been deployed in conflict zones in Ukraine for the past nine months, in what the company believes is the largest deployment of autonomous ground vehicles in combat by any US defense tech company.
“I believe this to be true of every defense technology that’s ever been created—until you hit the realities of combat, you’re just not going to know,” Scott Sanders, Forterra’s chief growth officer and a former US Marine officer, told TechCrunch.
Funded by US defense dollars, the mission is part of growing effort to transform the US military through its support of Ukrainian resistance to Russian invaders. While aerial drones have garnered much of the attention in the fight, the dynamics they’ve created — extensive no-go zones where surveillance can lead to death from above — have led Ukrainian strategists to seek ground-based autonomy as well.
“There’s nowhere to hide,” Sergeant Major Corey Wilkens, who leads a program developing autonomous vehicles and tactics for the US Army, explained. “You become very, very vulnerable to be able to be attacked by [first-person view drones], other sorts of drones dropping munitions, artillery, mortar, the full range of things that they have.”
Ukraine is already building its own uncrewed ground vehicles (UGVs) to help move supplies and munitions, or evacuate wounded soldiers, but they are typically battery-powered and can only carry up to 250 kilograms, according to a soldier in the Ukrainian army who has worked with the vehicles and who TechCrunch won’t identify for security reasons.
Forterra’s Lancer vehicles, based on Polaris ATVs and equipped with a custom-built sensor and compute stack, are gas-powered and can carry 750 kilograms of cargo, making them more versatile and useful. “The bottom line is that this UGV for logistics and just maintaining our defense is the most important UGV in Ukraine,” the soldier said. “It’s fucking fantastic, and we are dying to get more.”
They didn’t feel that way at first. The Ukranian Armed Forces have had have mixed experiences with Western contractors bringing new tech to the battle, and at first Forterra’s offerings felt a little too geared for the high-end requirements of the US Army. Modifying the vehicle for the situation—particularly, by adding a Starlink satellite internet antenna—made it a huge value add.
Since arriving in Ukraine last October, the vehicles have driven more than 2,500 miles across more than 1,100 missions,carrying 777,440 pounds of total weight and completing 52 casualty evacuations.Some has been lost in combat, particularly if they get stuck in deep mud or other terrain where Russian forces can target them at leisure.
A Forterra Lancer that met its end on the battlefield in Ukraine. **Image Credits:**Forterra / Forterra
Forterra has learned some useful lessons — about electronic warfare, updating their software from afar, how to maneuver in challenging conditions, and ensuring their vehicles don’t break down. The company, which has raised more than $500 million in venture funding from funds like XYZ Venture Cpaital and Moore Strategic Partners, is now better positioned to compete for lucrative national security contracts.
They’ve also seen the limits of autonomy: For now, Ukranian soldiers have mainly been teleoperating the vehicles in combat zones, in part because they’re too valuable to lose and in part because autonomous vehicles aren’t quite ready for the realities of war.
While, for example, the vehicles can navigate autonomously across diverse terrain, they’re not quite at the point where they can identify unexpected enemy forces and react appropriately. “We actually need to be able to respond to the enemy threats, live, while it’s in front of the enemy, which the autonomy doesn’t know how to do yet,” the Ukrainian soldier explained.
Forterra, which began work on autonomous vehicles 20 years ago, is working on how to combine the kinds of algorithms that gave us self-driving cars with newer generative AI software that allows machines to react to their surroundings in a generalized way. As with other autonomous systems, one of the key obstacles is gathering the right data.
“There’s a lot of things you have to do that aren’t available in an open source model because they’re not things that humans do, whether that’s figuring out how to navigate a minefield or [operating] a weapon system,” Sanders told TechCrunch. “You need to be able to turn the dials and some things more of a classical robotics approach, and then leverage AI where you need to.”
Competitors in this space are solving similar challenges, like Scout AI, which raised $100 million earlier this year to train foundation models and develop a suite of autonomous platforms for the military that includes UGVs. Other startups like Field AI and Overland AI are trialling UGVs with the US military.
Even with the limitations on UGVs, American military experts are convinced that its time to invest in these tools. “Ground autonomy is achievable now and we’ve seen it,” Wilkens said.
Scott Philips, the chief innovation officer at Forterra, visited a Ukranian unit’s operations center to see the vehicles in action first-hand, winning respect from the unit for visiting an area in range of Russian attacks.
“What struck me most was seeing exactly where the seams are: which steps are still manual, where data has to be re-entered or re-verified by hand, and where the team has already found ways to automate or speed things up,” Philips told TechCrunch. “That’s the kind of ground truth you can’t get from a slide deck because it shows you precisely where better tooling could take pressure off the people doing this work in real time.”
One challenge issued by the Ukrainians: Make it cheaper. Forterra’s Lancers aren’t expensive for their category, thanks to relying on Polaris’ commercial supply chain for the vehicle itself, but they are still too valuable to be deployed as freely as UAVs can be.
“Attrition is just a fact of this battlefield, and we have lost a few at this point, and it hurt, and we need more, and therefore we need them cheaper,” the Ukranian soldier told TechCrunch.