三年前,红杉资本合伙人戴维·卡恩是最早一批对硅谷在AI基础设施上的巨额投入进行量化计算并给出具体数字的人之一。
2023年,他针对英伟达公布的500亿美元年度GPU收入做出了回应。从这一数字出发,加上运营数据中心的隐含成本以及运营商的利润空间,他推断出需要2000亿美元的收入才能收回前期投资。
他将此视为一项挑战,呼吁创业者们开发出能够利用所有这些基础设施并从中创收的AI产品和服务。时间快进到今天,在累计了三年的超大规模扩张之后,卡恩对2026年AI基础设施支出给出了一个新数字:1.5万亿美元。
总体算下来,他估计AI行业必须赚取3万亿美元,才能证明所有这些芯片及其他数据中心支出的合理性。而且这很可能还是一个低估——内存成本的上升以及专用推理芯片或非常规芯片的日益普及,将推高这一数字。“最近,”他写道,“由于这些瓶颈效应和建设成本上升,每吉瓦资本支出所需的收入已急剧增加。”
在账目的另一边,据信Anthropic的年经常性收入已达到600亿美元,而OpenAI在2025年的收入据报为130亿美元(尽管在2025年11月,该公司称其年经常性收入已达200亿美元),并且今年很可能收入更高。但显然,两者之间仍有巨大的差距需要弥合。
关注这一差距的还有阿波罗全球管理公司的首席经济学家托尔斯滕·斯洛克。在最近的一份报告中,他指出,超大规模云服务商——谷歌、Meta、微软和亚马逊——都预测其2028年的自由现金流将大幅加速增长。也就是说,他们预计将从所购买的所有这些芯片中获得回报。
如果他们没有呢?Slok 指出了当前 AI 使用中普遍存在的一个风险:越来越多的组织转向更便宜的开放权重模型,通常是中国的模型,而非前沿实验室开发的模型,同时整体 token 价格也在下降。据 CEO Sam Altman 称,OpenAI 的最新模型在编程任务上的 token 效率提升了 54%。这对于担心 AI 智能体成本的用户来说是个好消息,但对于那些建造 token 工厂的公司来说,如果用户没有随之大幅增加整体 token 使用量,这可能是个坏消息。
Slok 担心,如果超大规模企业未能实现其现金流目标,市场反应可能会很严重——
“如此多的赌注押在如此少的公司身上,”他写道,“回报周期放缓将不仅仅是行业问题,还可能使经济陷入衰退,并导致标普 500 指数进入回调。”
当你正引导你的 AI 智能体转向更便宜的 token 时,这一点值得牢记。
资深记者
Three years ago, Sequoia partner David Cahn was one of the first people to do the math and put a number on on the implications of Silicon Valley’s titanic spend on AI infrastructure.
In 2023, he was reacting to Nvidia’s reported annual GPU revenue of $50 billion. Starting with that figure, and adding in the implied costs of operating the data centers and the margins for their operators, he deduced that $200 billion in revenue would be required to pay back the up-front investment.
He took it as a challenge, asking entrepreneurs to come up with AI products and services to make use of, and generate revenue from, all that infrastructure. Fast forward to today, adding up three years of hyperscaling, and Cahn’s got a new number on AI infrastructure spending for 2026: $1.5 trillion.
All told, he calculates that the AI industry will have to earn $3 trillion to justify all those chips and other data center expenditures. And that’s probably an underestimate—the rising costs of memory and the increasing use of exotic or inference-specific chips will drive that number up. “Recently,” he writes, “the required revenue per GW of CapEx has sharply increased due to these bottleneck dynamics and rising costs of construction.”
On the other side of the ledger, Anthropic is thought to have hit $60 billion in ARR, while OpenAI reportedly earned $13 billion in 2025 (although in November 2025, it said it was at $20 billion ARR) and is presumably making more this year. But there’s clearly a large gap to be closed.
Someone minding that gap is Torsten Slok, the chief economist at Apollo, the giant asset manager. In a recent note, he points out that the hyperscalers — Google, Meta, Microsoft and Amazon — are all predicting massive accelerations in their free-cash flow in 2028. That is, they expect to see the pay-back from all those chips they bought.
What if they don’t? Slok notes a risk we’re currently seeing across AI usage: More organizations turning to cheaper open weight models, often Chinese, not those built by the frontier labs, and overall token prices falling. OpenAI’s latest model, per CEO Sam Altman, is 54% more token efficient on coding tasks. That’s good for users fretting about the cost of their AI agents, but it may be bad for companies building token factories should users not wildly increase their overall token usage with them.
Slok worries that if hyperscalers don’t meet their cash flow goals, the market reaction could be severe—
“with so much riding on so few names,” he writes, “a slower payoff wouldn’t just be a sector problem, it would risk tipping the economy into recession and the S&P 500 into a correction.”
Just something to keep in mind keep in mind as you’re herding your AI agents toward cheaper tokens.
Senior Reporter